tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-76176297878650291812024-03-21T07:15:56.168-07:00dunia yang penuh dengan pelbagai ilmu kemahiranselamat datang ke blog SITI BONGSU PUTEH....Harap blog ini dapat menghiburkan anda dan membantu dalam menyelesaikan masalah...sebarang komen anda terhadapat blog ini amat diperlukan serta dihargai...bongsu whitePOLKADOThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00558606011575356342noreply@blogger.comBlogger6125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7617629787865029181.post-10083003109801835302012-05-28T06:01:00.000-07:002012-05-28T06:01:43.568-07:00gajah oh gajah<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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pada malam yang hening 2 sahabat sedang rancak berbalas mesej....</div>
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senget: oi best gk lau dapat pegi zoo,dapat tengok gajah tua..</div>
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cute: ye la kn. dapat tengok banyak binatang-natang...hahahahahaha</div>
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senget: ak nk tengok gajah punye gigi jer!!!!msti lawa kn gigi gajah tu????</div>
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cute: gajah tua pon ko nk tengok ke???</div>
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senget: yang tua la ak nk tengok, banyak ckit bulu nye nnt bole ak cukor bulu die pastu jual kt kedai</div>
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ley tmpong idup kt unibersiti nie....hehehehe( xley bayang lau gajah bogel mesti cute cm </div>
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cute kn...hahaha)bertukar</div>
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cute: kaye 2!!!bulu gajah kn bnyk...</div>
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senget: p yg penting gigi gajahhh!!!!!!!</div>
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cute: ko nie gile pe nk tgk gigi gajah????</div>
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senget: ye la semua binatang tunjuk gigi p gajah nie pe sal la yg malu sgt nk tnjuk gigi..</div>
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cute: xde nye malu nk tunjuk gigi sbb gajah xde gigi...hahahahaha</div>
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senget: ahhhhh!!!!xde gigi, bru ak thu...punye la excited ak nk tgk gigi die...kahx1000000</div>
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(btul2 senget) </div>
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<br /></div>bongsu whitePOLKADOThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00558606011575356342noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7617629787865029181.post-9829792886054825022012-05-28T03:57:00.001-07:002012-05-28T03:57:29.055-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
sembang petang....<br />
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minah cute: budak senget pakwe ak nk beli super bike nanti.<br />
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budak senget : ok la 2, nanti ko bonceng kat belakang( lam ati aku nie gelak da nk pecah perut.kah3)<br />
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minah cute : ea budak senget asal muke ko semacam jer ak tengok???<br />
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budak senget : mane ad biase2 jer...hehehehehehe( da nk tumboh tanduk) ultramen bertukar...<br />
jeng2.<br />
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budak cute : ak tahu ko gelak kat ak kn???<br />
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budak senget : memang ak tengah gelak kt ko pn....hahahahahahahhahahaha( akhirnya gelak<br />
tergolek jugak ak) <br />
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budak cute : gila ko!!!!<br />
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budak senget : rileks bro..ea ko dengar sini, pagi tu ak nk pegi sekolah tiba2 ad couple naik super<br />
bike. memang cun gile ah..pewikkkk..ko tahu sape couple 2????(tenganga mulut)<br />
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budak cute : sape??<br />
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budak senget : ko la...hahahahahahahaha(gedebuk bantal jatuh atas kepala ak.eh pembetulan la<br />
budak cute pukul ak dengan bantal..malu la tu..hikx100)<br />
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budak cute : sampai ati ko(buat muke sedih seposen)<br />
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budak senget : ala ak tahu lepas da dapat naik super bike ko mesti da x knal ak(ak lagi sedih la bro)<br />
<br /></div>bongsu whitePOLKADOThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00558606011575356342noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7617629787865029181.post-37844550163306307932012-05-17T01:01:00.000-07:002012-05-17T03:19:59.286-07:00SUDUT INFO SEMASA<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaWbQxGbQnb7CtOZhflDTrpPy_lqN1ViQA-qp32KbZn7Ljqg2CK-ajzPohqSVHE8MeNhIPRp0y2q8A2oqIvz2PnULJrsZ3Mj8HDrFcr7dBwo0O-Z_x4WI-wOx463C5tN6HfU1-PghoCis/s1600/images+%2812%29.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="317" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaWbQxGbQnb7CtOZhflDTrpPy_lqN1ViQA-qp32KbZn7Ljqg2CK-ajzPohqSVHE8MeNhIPRp0y2q8A2oqIvz2PnULJrsZ3Mj8HDrFcr7dBwo0O-Z_x4WI-wOx463C5tN6HfU1-PghoCis/s320/images+%2812%29.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="color: #cc0000;">jangan jemu untuk menerokai ilmu</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Tertib 1</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Komponen elektronik merupakan bahan yang sensitif dan cepat rosak jika tidak dijaga dengan baik.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Ikuti langkah yang berikut untuk memanjangkan jangka hayat komponen eletronik anda.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">1. Simpan di tempat kering dan jangan terlalu panas.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">2. Elakkan daripada diketuk, dijatuhkan, atau terhempas.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">3. Susun mengikut jenis komponen.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">4. Sentiasa menggunakan kadar voltan yang disyorkan.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">5. Jauhkan daripada punca api.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">6. Sambung mengikut litar dan pastikan kekutubannnya jika komponen tersebut berkutub.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;">Tertib 2</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">1. Elakkan mengetuk L.E.D terlalu kuat kerana hal ini mungkin merosakkannya.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">2. Elakkan menguji L.E.D dengan bateri 9 V kerana hal ini mungkin menyebabkan L.E.D terbakar.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">3. Dalam litar yang menggunakan L.E.D perintang perlu digunakan untuk mengurangkan arus yang</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"> mengalir melaluinya dan mencegahnya daripada terbakar.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">4. Pastikan kekutubannya betul sebelum menguji litar, iaitu kaki katod disambungkan ke punca</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"> negatif dan kaki anod ke punca positf.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Tip keselamatan</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Penggunaan kadar voltan yang berlebihan daripada keupayaan kapasitor boleh merosakkan kapasitor. Kadar voltan maksimum kapasitor tercatat pada badan kapasitor.</span><br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqPnOYzXhTaFWK-1MpI7bXnKltyv2Za_aZIBgxh834EKxs_sx4ItYp7tbjLhcjm0ZLZyDiffJjIxFGjP1lwOXRDB_xp32yef69AEUyUBiC-Vk_BTDGmDbvfknan8_cHD76cWqXDtfFBB8/s1600/images+%2813%29.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqPnOYzXhTaFWK-1MpI7bXnKltyv2Za_aZIBgxh834EKxs_sx4ItYp7tbjLhcjm0ZLZyDiffJjIxFGjP1lwOXRDB_xp32yef69AEUyUBiC-Vk_BTDGmDbvfknan8_cHD76cWqXDtfFBB8/s320/images+%2813%29.jpg" width="282" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr style="color: red;"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><u><b>Tuntutlah ilmu selagi yang termampu..Keunikan dan keindahan ilmu hanya dirasai oleh mereka yang sentiasa tidak jemu untuk memperlehinya</b></u></td></tr>
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<br /></div>bongsu whitePOLKADOThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00558606011575356342noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7617629787865029181.post-27739744738668645202012-05-16T14:12:00.001-07:002012-05-17T00:38:39.519-07:002.3 penghasilan projek<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>2.3.1 Alatan Tangan</b><br />
Jenis alatan tangan, fungsi ditunjukkan dalam jadual yang berikut.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBBYShcHpjU_KbdWP-E2-uGSGAHEJbp_y6dTWaTkoLoaEylqHCasDFP8S-2YsbL29zua87GeKCz10SLzWz6INxrt5t0jm4_G6nNWvpABQCJFlYI0-U9XMOg8A_v6d8x8hJuQo5sV1Qu5s/s1600/DSC0000021.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBBYShcHpjU_KbdWP-E2-uGSGAHEJbp_y6dTWaTkoLoaEylqHCasDFP8S-2YsbL29zua87GeKCz10SLzWz6INxrt5t0jm4_G6nNWvpABQCJFlYI0-U9XMOg8A_v6d8x8hJuQo5sV1Qu5s/s200/DSC0000021.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">playar muncunr tirus</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>membentuk kaki komponen, memotong wayar, memegang benda kecil</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>melakukan kerja di ruang yang sempit.</li>
</ul>
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<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg19zGCwNH4k4id_gLHDAjnJbUBL0D_oEjSbovUShiZ2oAcuKP9_8vDeMPVktZP0xpdBHJbD87PhSqOqLvrmMwiUdyUQoVZfMj1ybAu970xlKqHv7_t6r4ZSV1IeBnPJF9Yt6mOqWd_Ys/s1600/DSC0000022.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg19zGCwNH4k4id_gLHDAjnJbUBL0D_oEjSbovUShiZ2oAcuKP9_8vDeMPVktZP0xpdBHJbD87PhSqOqLvrmMwiUdyUQoVZfMj1ybAu970xlKqHv7_t6r4ZSV1IeBnPJF9Yt6mOqWd_Ys/s200/DSC0000022.jpg" width="200" /> </a></td><td style="text-align: center;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">pemotong sisi</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>dikenal sebagai playar kacip.</li>
<li>memotong wayar.</li>
<li>memotong lebihan kaki komponen selepas dipateri.</li>
</ul>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV1N2R16M6gnyEvXaEiGBBWxf9_47RpWdOM8Ro8FFi_sSJfd0UCnA1-MqIV21h4HuvgiJ7hpHbid7TeQxTPI9TbQiwn0FJcN8MLADyK2Q_y9Q5zozI28_TjUZR2tEtGk7Qwv6C7EAN5gM/s1600/DSC0000023.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV1N2R16M6gnyEvXaEiGBBWxf9_47RpWdOM8Ro8FFi_sSJfd0UCnA1-MqIV21h4HuvgiJ7hpHbid7TeQxTPI9TbQiwn0FJcN8MLADyK2Q_y9Q5zozI28_TjUZR2tEtGk7Qwv6C7EAN5gM/s200/DSC0000023.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">penyedut bahan pateri</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>menyedut bahan pateri.</li>
</ul>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5GC9i8mCWkxyEZedWnLbTBWU-HA_GjQ6fWIdvmm10qCorsHjSwv0trNPM8WMGIuA3lyLBEnCU8ffcXLpdlrS2Q4uclrEo-o496N0j4dC-WcHoEzlUkFGovwkc9gdXRky9AgpV-Otp0bs/s1600/DSC0000024.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5GC9i8mCWkxyEZedWnLbTBWU-HA_GjQ6fWIdvmm10qCorsHjSwv0trNPM8WMGIuA3lyLBEnCU8ffcXLpdlrS2Q4uclrEo-o496N0j4dC-WcHoEzlUkFGovwkc9gdXRky9AgpV-Otp0bs/s200/DSC0000024.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">alat pemateri elektrik</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>mencairkan bahan pateri.</li>
</ul>
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<b>2.3.2 Memateri</b><br />
Alatan yang digunakan semasa memateri termasuklah alat pemateri, pemegang bod litar, fluks, kertas las, dan span untuk memateri.<br />
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Bahan pateri<br />
1. Bahan pateri ialah sejenis bahan aloi yang terdiri daripada campuran logam timah dan plumbum.<br />
2. Komposisi campuran 60/40 biasanya digunakan dalam pematerian karja elektronik dan<br />
bermaksud bahan pateri mengandungi 60% timah dan 40% plumbum.<br />
3. Saiz yang biasanya digunakan adalah 0.8mm dan 1mm.<br />
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Bahan Lakur (Fluks)<br />
1. Bahan lakur (fluks) berfungsi mencegah lapisan oksida daripada terbentuk pada tempat yang<br />
hendak dipateri.<br />
2. Fluks biasanya sudah terkandung dalam bahan pateri untuk memudahkan kerja pematerian.<br />
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Kertas Las<br />
1. Kertas las digunakan untuk membersihkan bit sebelum kerja pematerian.<br />
2. Kertas las yang sesuai adalah dari jenis yang halus.<br />
<br />
Span<br />
1. Span lembap digunakan untuk membersihkan hujung bit semasa memateri.<br />
2. Span diletakkan bersama-sama dengan pemegang alat pemateri.<br />
<br />
Pemegang Alat Pameteri<br />
1. Pemegang alat pemateri digunakan untuk meletakkan alat pameteri.<br />
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2.3.3 Membuat Projek Elektronik<br />
Ikutilah langkah-langkah yang berikut semasa membuat projek elektronik.<br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
Langkah 1 > membentuk kaki komponen untuk memudahkan pemasangan.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsYcWJvpGDjx8xuJEOJCyJdFtxrgIsNTCQIveoXG72guxxcUVergjDuLdNCfusMSFiP3iKHWEy3rIqyJjW1HYplrpTYJPlh8Icm-DdOYFehJ0jqD1K4-RWvz-vyV4i97unAXj1dSk_rHU/s1600/2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsYcWJvpGDjx8xuJEOJCyJdFtxrgIsNTCQIveoXG72guxxcUVergjDuLdNCfusMSFiP3iKHWEy3rIqyJjW1HYplrpTYJPlh8Icm-DdOYFehJ0jqD1K4-RWvz-vyV4i97unAXj1dSk_rHU/s1600/2.jpg" /></a></div>
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Langkah 2 > Memasang komponen berpandukan lukisan bergambar.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQIXeYzevrFOqTVZvsP20Sv1XejfzldVq9r-tDUSSyi1xdWxbHKCugHZctyzyYrVlcwQykgknm4hhAgLsDg3IJwffWZoUcyapUnSz0WouYR5f87H1w7YWVbdo3RSXJbMUFew-mcWFHxaU/s1600/3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQIXeYzevrFOqTVZvsP20Sv1XejfzldVq9r-tDUSSyi1xdWxbHKCugHZctyzyYrVlcwQykgknm4hhAgLsDg3IJwffWZoUcyapUnSz0WouYR5f87H1w7YWVbdo3RSXJbMUFew-mcWFHxaU/s200/3.jpg" width="149" /></a></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
Langkah 3 > Menyemak semula kedudukan komponen berpandukan litar skematik/litar bergambar. </div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Betulkan kedudukan komponen yang tersalah pasang.</div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div style="text-align: center;">
Langkah 4 > Memateri komponen/tamatan dengan komponen pasif terlebih dahulu diikuti memateri</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
komponen aktif.</div>
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Langkah 5 > Memotong kaki komponen yang berlebihan dengan pemotong sisi. </div>
<br /></div>bongsu whitePOLKADOThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00558606011575356342noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7617629787865029181.post-15817876564003481042012-05-16T13:47:00.000-07:002012-05-17T04:21:06.100-07:002.2 membaca dan menterjemahkan lukisan skematik<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
1. Litar elektronik adalah gabungan komponen-komponen elektrik yang dilukis dalam litar skematik <br />
yang dilukis dalam litar skematik atau litar bergambar.<br />
2. Litar skematik dilukis dengan menggunakan simbol-simbol komponen eletrik.<br />
3. Kebolehan membaca litar skematik adalah penting kerana anda dapat mengenal komponen-<br />
komponen yang digunakan pada litar dan dapat membuat sambungan dan pemasangan yang betul.4. Litar skematik dapat diterjemahkan pada litar bergambar yang mengambarkan susun atur <br />
komponen pada bod litar.<br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrvlTjkz7GjgpZ0XFRXkfuT7iPynp23BkR7hkYzVlr6lf4RgwB8rD8riirRXgCOnHfSlplr6U9e7ONXuSPt4qJmNvrt6cjTsZ1OgsIWjVaLqGGnOVKlt9LvhF8E2ePlSGAhcW9M9yPoxE/s1600/images+%289%29.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="110" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrvlTjkz7GjgpZ0XFRXkfuT7iPynp23BkR7hkYzVlr6lf4RgwB8rD8riirRXgCOnHfSlplr6U9e7ONXuSPt4qJmNvrt6cjTsZ1OgsIWjVaLqGGnOVKlt9LvhF8E2ePlSGAhcW9M9yPoxE/s200/images+%289%29.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">lukisan bergambar</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ94ZO3oT1een_V7-vnaIfNMetADNaDztzFxpEZ8Rqqqtk8p4huGbKV6oJgx8xs3XxthyBj2h_Y7bmfaorJmNp7haZBmy0AfLsW42-kG4V_ZRaXNgghNQD6J3K5Ry-Wdlt_zdRxSq8Rig/s1600/images+%2810%29.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="174" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ94ZO3oT1een_V7-vnaIfNMetADNaDztzFxpEZ8Rqqqtk8p4huGbKV6oJgx8xs3XxthyBj2h_Y7bmfaorJmNp7haZBmy0AfLsW42-kG4V_ZRaXNgghNQD6J3K5Ry-Wdlt_zdRxSq8Rig/s320/images+%2810%29.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">lukisan skematik</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>bongsu whitePOLKADOThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00558606011575356342noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7617629787865029181.post-38018253558076224242012-05-13T10:05:00.001-07:002012-05-16T14:11:48.719-07:002.1 nama, simbol, dan fungsi komponen elektronik<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg951IHk232uNvhbA6cKw825Zy_uDSdc0DSbqEKyBH3HW22eIjkasEiSgPZa_x86YoOquNPzDQWKf9KPXkO_O5xim3yFz6TqYD6iVoggBMMq7pfxLAEcA8pt7P5dL9oKM8yn03npf35nlM/s1600/index.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg951IHk232uNvhbA6cKw825Zy_uDSdc0DSbqEKyBH3HW22eIjkasEiSgPZa_x86YoOquNPzDQWKf9KPXkO_O5xim3yFz6TqYD6iVoggBMMq7pfxLAEcA8pt7P5dL9oKM8yn03npf35nlM/s1600/index.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">simbol L.E.D</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #a64d79;"><b><u><br /></u></b></span></div>
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzy2pMBntgtRnS5ORg9a4DqXp7Q6gKg1ViqkqGrags9VYjCLApEE1J_2eWTzSONYcHbVYS8s4oiCvTkq1lCi9N15W17efUtYIsJcpd46TswPUXRIEGIOSedsR1zxf3PNsARo_K6S65f-I/s1600/5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="149" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzy2pMBntgtRnS5ORg9a4DqXp7Q6gKg1ViqkqGrags9VYjCLApEE1J_2eWTzSONYcHbVYS8s4oiCvTkq1lCi9N15W17efUtYIsJcpd46TswPUXRIEGIOSedsR1zxf3PNsARo_K6S65f-I/s200/5.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>kesenian L.E.D</b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<br /><b>2.11 DIOD PEMANCAR CAHAYA (L.ED)</b><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
1) Diod pemancar cahaya (L.E.D) ATAU light emiting diode adalah sejenis komponen elektrik</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
yang dibuat daripada bahan semikonduktor yang memancarkan cahaya dengan kehadiran arus.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
2) Diod dapat diperoleh dalam pelbagai jenis warna.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
3. Diod pemancar cahaya tidak mempunyai filamen dan tahan lebih lama daripada mentol.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwRlcNFJkbP7si0Ag54ER-MPATbrWc282i17rrHRGd0Tz8AcrZpBXXf1oAfC-RfMSIZ5vfm0IJYIvSr2x7obLg1C-iZPpfi6J1cv-1au-xWNtebrnUosP4dwuqqUZ_UvhzlNn-WpsEHdw/s1600/images+(2).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwRlcNFJkbP7si0Ag54ER-MPATbrWc282i17rrHRGd0Tz8AcrZpBXXf1oAfC-RfMSIZ5vfm0IJYIvSr2x7obLg1C-iZPpfi6J1cv-1au-xWNtebrnUosP4dwuqqUZ_UvhzlNn-WpsEHdw/s200/images+(2).jpg" width="179" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Add caption</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: left;">
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 27.75pt; width: 438px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.5in;" valign="top" width="240"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
Kaki katod<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
Kaki anod<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.5in;" valign="top" width="240"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Bercas negatif</span></li>
</ul>
<o:p></o:p></td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Bercas positif</span></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.5in;" valign="top" width="240"><ul>
<li><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">Mempunyai kaki yang pendek</span></li>
</ul>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"><ul>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Mempunyai kaki yang panjang </span></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.5in;" valign="top" width="240"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Berhampiran dengan permukaan yang rata</span></li>
</ul>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"><ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Jauh dari permukaan rata</span></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.5in;" valign="top" width="240"><ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Bersambung dengan bahagian yang berbentuk
bendera</span></li>
</ul>
<o:p></o:p></td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 9px;"> </span>Bersambung dengan bahagian yang berbentuk
kecil</span></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinsMMqrLr0siFPenoFVWvsHcVKVl0MPQFIvE5z0ZV74rfRL_Ab75mto0nd4rRF62yY-tI-je7GW66LS2VkFlYwFyEvETXF7YKcDjlUEOuczkPeZk1YNsq58z5FST3bBzymybSZdYuUbFM/s1600/l.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="146" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinsMMqrLr0siFPenoFVWvsHcVKVl0MPQFIvE5z0ZV74rfRL_Ab75mto0nd4rRF62yY-tI-je7GW66LS2VkFlYwFyEvETXF7YKcDjlUEOuczkPeZk1YNsq58z5FST3bBzymybSZdYuUbFM/s200/l.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">perintang</span> </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /><br /><br /><div style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center;">
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></div>
<br /> <br />
<b><br /></b><br />
<b>2.1.2 PERINTANG</b><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
1- Perintang biasanya digunakan dalam litar untuk mengawal arus dan menghadkan aliran arus</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
dalam litar elektrik.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
2- Nilai rintangan disukat dalam unit ohm.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
3. Perintang tidak mempunyai kekutuban dan dapat dipasang tanpa</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
mengikut kekutuban.<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.9pt;" valign="top" width="217"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
Perintang tetap<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
Perintang boleh laras</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.9pt;" valign="top" width="217"><ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">Nilai rintangan tidak dapat </span><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> diubah</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">Terdiri daripada jenis karbon (karbon dan
tanahliat) dan jenis berlilit dawai (nikrom dan nagan)</span></li>
</ul>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
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<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">Nilai rintangan boleh diubah</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">Digunakan pada peralatan eletrik yang memerlukan
nilai arusnya yang berubah-ubah upaya dan rheostat</span></li>
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<span style="color: purple; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Cara untuk membaca nilai perintang</span><br />
<m:smallfrac m:val="off"><m:narylim m:val="undOvr"></m:narylim></m:smallfrac><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">1) 1 ) </span>Perintang mempunyai nilai yang tetap dan dilabelkan mengikut kod warna.</div>
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2<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> 2) </span>Ketiga-tiga jalur pertama pada perintang tetap menunjukkan hasil rintangan dan jalur yang ke</div>
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empat menunjukkan had terimanya (nilai tolenrasi).</div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> 3) </span>Kod perintang tetap adalah seperti yang berikut:</div>
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<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: -44.15pt;"><tbody>
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HITAM</div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: black; background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 16.4pt;" valign="top" width="22"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
0</div>
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<tr style="height: 12.7pt;"><td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #ff6600; background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.4pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
PERANG</div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #ff6600; background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 16.4pt;" valign="top" width="22"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
1</div>
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<tr style="height: 13.5pt;"><td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: red; background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.4pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
MERAH</div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: red; background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 16.4pt;" valign="top" width="22"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
2</div>
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JINGGA</div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #ff9933; background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 16.4pt;" valign="top" width="22"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
3</div>
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<tr style="height: 12.7pt;"><td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: yellow; background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.4pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
KUNING</div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: yellow; background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 16.4pt;" valign="top" width="22"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
4</div>
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<tr style="height: 12.7pt;"><td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #00b050; background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.4pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
HIJAU</div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #00b050; background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 16.4pt;" valign="top" width="22"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
5</div>
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BIRU</div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #548dd4; background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 16.4pt;" valign="top" width="22"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
6</div>
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<tr style="height: 13.5pt;"><td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #7030a0; background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.4pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
UNGU</div>
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7</div>
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KELABU</div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #595959; background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 16.4pt;" valign="top" width="22"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
8</div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #f3f3f3;">PUTIH</span></div>
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9</div>
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41)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span>Nilai tolenrasi (jalur ke tempat) pada perintang tetap adalah seperti yang berikut:</div>
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<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 111.45pt;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
Warna</div>
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Emas</div>
</td><td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
Perak</div>
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Tiada</div>
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<tr><td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
Had Terima</div>
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± 5%</div>
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± 10%</div>
</td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.05pt;" valign="top" width="75"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
± 20%</div>
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<tr style="height: 14.55pt;"><td colspan="4" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 14.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 245.95pt;" valign="top" width="328"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
Unit Nilai Rintangan</div>
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100 ohm = 1 kilo ohm</div>
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1000 ohm = 1 Mega ohm</div>
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1 000 000 = 1 Mega ohm</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUefvmHvj3feJR9ouyPQIPO0Ff89Hr4DhTG6QpuyuRT8B4bYuG2mcKK7D9TctmqwtnehFXIowNuqfxOpsv5NGAfIis8JYm5BqUtQHMryRHj_Ie6EAzD6VMiafMfOWsofOP_XpmrZz2ngE/s1600/images+%285%29.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="126" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUefvmHvj3feJR9ouyPQIPO0Ff89Hr4DhTG6QpuyuRT8B4bYuG2mcKK7D9TctmqwtnehFXIowNuqfxOpsv5NGAfIis8JYm5BqUtQHMryRHj_Ie6EAzD6VMiafMfOWsofOP_XpmrZz2ngE/s200/images+%285%29.jpg" width="200" /></a></b></td></tr>
<tr style="color: red;"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>kapasitor</b></td></tr>
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<b>2.1.3 KAPASITOR</b><br />
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a- kapasitor juga dikenal sebagai pemuat dan berfungsi menyimpan dan membuang cas elektrik.</div>
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b- keupayaan kapasitor untuk menyimpan cas ini disebut kapasitan dan unit asas nilai kapasitan</div>
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ialah Farad (F). </div>
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c-Semakin tinggi nilai kapasitan sesuatu kapasitor,semakin</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
banyak cas yang dapat disimpan.</div>
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<b>KAPASITOR
BERKUTUB<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>KAPASITOR
TIDAK BERKUTUB<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="text-align: left;">Mempunyai dua kaki yang berlainan kutub.</span></li>
<li><span style="text-align: left;">Kaki yang lebih panjang adalah kaki positif dan kaki yang pendek
adalah kaki negative.</span></li>
<li><span style="text-align: left;">Kaki yang berhampiran dengan tanda (-)</span><span style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="text-align: left;">pada kapasitor adalah kaki negative.</span></li>
<li><span style="text-align: left;">Kaki ini mesti bersambung mengikut kekutuban kaki.</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>contoh</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<ul>
<li>kapasitor elektrolitik</li>
<li>kapasitor tantalum</li>
</ul>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzYRsAYoiyZ_iUVAlokfr6wLtQ-9-gepd-nLgHVdm9b_lBjPfs2Toz8P3r52Le1S1eqm_4jNqbSsRE8x0A-Sbxo6od38BtcYkvdFJGgsYLdGIT1i-hS7aCHJtqACCOY9SIwnIA6G45ysI/s1600/images+(15).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzYRsAYoiyZ_iUVAlokfr6wLtQ-9-gepd-nLgHVdm9b_lBjPfs2Toz8P3r52Le1S1eqm_4jNqbSsRE8x0A-Sbxo6od38BtcYkvdFJGgsYLdGIT1i-hS7aCHJtqACCOY9SIwnIA6G45ysI/s1600/images+(15).jpg" /></a></div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="text-align: left;">Dua kaki sama panjang.</span></li>
<li><span style="text-align: left;">Tidak perlu disambung mengikut kekutuban.</span></li>
<li><span style="text-align: left;">Biasanya menyimpan cas yang lebih sedikit berbanding kapasitor
berkutub.</span></li>
<li><span style="text-align: left;">Saiz badan lebih kecil.</span></li>
<li><span style="text-align: left;">Symbol kapasitor tidak berkutub</span></li>
</ul>
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<b>contoh</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="text-align: left;"> kapasitor seramik</span></li>
<li><span style="text-align: left;"> kapasitor mika</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIDRqhow0xZYN4GCeMrojZs1Khmk8d034RTjxap8ZqleiTMSDVS4nOhHx2j4jsLxCIOZ0_LVPnodWo7qGXFcWTRiZtj5GUSKhqQ9dKdFke9b4UGIv3BJZLKRbonyW-HsbLGJ_G9VLw3MI/s1600/images+(16).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIDRqhow0xZYN4GCeMrojZs1Khmk8d034RTjxap8ZqleiTMSDVS4nOhHx2j4jsLxCIOZ0_LVPnodWo7qGXFcWTRiZtj5GUSKhqQ9dKdFke9b4UGIv3BJZLKRbonyW-HsbLGJ_G9VLw3MI/s1600/images+(16).jpg" /></a></div>
<br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>2.1.4 SUIS</b><br />
1. Suis digunakan untuk menyambungkan dan memutuskan bekalan arus eletrik di dalam litar.<br />
2. Suis disambung secara siri pada wayar hodup dan bahagian luarnya biasanya dibuat daripada bahan <br />
penebat seperti plastik atau bakelit.<br />
3. Apabila suis ditutup, arus akan mengalir di dalam litar. Apabila suis dibuka, arus tidak akan mengalir di<br />
dalam litar.<br />
4. Suis yang biasa diguanakan dalam litar termasuklah suis togel, suis tekan buka, dan suis tekan tutup.<br />
<br />
Jenis suis dan keterangannya.<br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcdxPulDTMOfS5SJh-gGdhnBLjD_6OjI_35HEDyQaGDWyEQRlleocsDf8DDh_-K7jQ6Ekki0LDpLcR_0lQIVTTG81pzVEEmo-gkJ_MM_VaF6mCTqsBVNlU-I_VwiqqoHmSn1c0RhaterA/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcdxPulDTMOfS5SJh-gGdhnBLjD_6OjI_35HEDyQaGDWyEQRlleocsDf8DDh_-K7jQ6Ekki0LDpLcR_0lQIVTTG81pzVEEmo-gkJ_MM_VaF6mCTqsBVNlU-I_VwiqqoHmSn1c0RhaterA/s200/1.jpg" width="185" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">suis togel<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCgUD-2rFjuunkrdPq7Nk2A3Dj8vCgm0BG9civ4R3aLm_-VvLbgjQ_Z37dfZ0y7_WpNNsgMi_GWLIrfUK6bt3bw64W6hG25WE-WHFu5T5h8KoDs7XIgvTLaGi3hdWPhtiOgBfUD_E1hW8/s1600/images+(1).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="36" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCgUD-2rFjuunkrdPq7Nk2A3Dj8vCgm0BG9civ4R3aLm_-VvLbgjQ_Z37dfZ0y7_WpNNsgMi_GWLIrfUK6bt3bw64W6hG25WE-WHFu5T5h8KoDs7XIgvTLaGi3hdWPhtiOgBfUD_E1hW8/s200/images+(1).jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">simbol suis togel</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>arus mengalir apabila punat ditekan atau ditolak.</li>
<li>arus berhenti mengakir apabila punat ditekan atau ditolak ke arah berlawanan.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: purple; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="color: purple; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidcXEkmz5WsBy-LEyEFLHtmoTlxJ4LuAQanJ30kKEvcOBdb9_vP9u94k91a62lQEcNKrVUJ-FKM4aqjOSSaLbxVCeHWiCUmCCsiCt1jF7uvGfccYlr2MO-JyrmJddbfPNT_VzebsMt_OU/s1600/images+(2).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidcXEkmz5WsBy-LEyEFLHtmoTlxJ4LuAQanJ30kKEvcOBdb9_vP9u94k91a62lQEcNKrVUJ-FKM4aqjOSSaLbxVCeHWiCUmCCsiCt1jF7uvGfccYlr2MO-JyrmJddbfPNT_VzebsMt_OU/s200/images+(2).jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">suis tekan buka dan suis tekan tutup<br />
<br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
terdapat dua jenis suis tekan<br />
<div>
<b>suis tekan buka</b></div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>apabila punat suis ditekan, arus tidak mengalir, sebaliknya arus akan mengalir apabila punat suis dilepaskan.</li>
<li>digunakan dalam litar mentol pada peti sejuk dan litar mentol pada kenderaan.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9GB-i5eKCOb2EWHrCcp80xgP0wv694_NAWFNFpEOOI4uttduvlFzeW39mlKW7Qmp4ho1TAeLoMeXK73YASi5KoFGrIz1cBCZw2PoQ0Kk12CpgQ9VcqgpqFb9SywFaIiQUx2dBYgFvpSg/s1600/images+(4).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="106" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9GB-i5eKCOb2EWHrCcp80xgP0wv694_NAWFNFpEOOI4uttduvlFzeW39mlKW7Qmp4ho1TAeLoMeXK73YASi5KoFGrIz1cBCZw2PoQ0Kk12CpgQ9VcqgpqFb9SywFaIiQUx2dBYgFvpSg/s200/images+(4).jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">suis tekan buka</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>suis tekan tutup</b></div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>apabila punat suis ini ditekan, arus akan mengalir dalam litar, arus akan mengalir berhenti mengalir jika punat suis ini delepaskan.</li>
<li>digunakan pada litar loceng rumah.</li>
</ul>
<div>
<b><br /></b></div>
</div>
<div>
<b>2.1.5 TRANSISTOR</b></div>
<div>
1. Transistor digunakan dalam litar untuk meninggikan arus, voltan, kuasa dan berfungsi sebagai suis</div>
<div>
2. Transisitor dibuat daripada bahan semikonduktor (separa pengalir) seperti silikon dan germanium.</div>
<div>
3. Transistor banyak digunakan dalam radio, televisyen dan komputer.</div>
<div>
4. Transistor mempunyai tiga kaki iaitu:</div>
<div>
a) kaki pemancar (E) atau emitt</div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li> mengeluarkan arus untuk kembali ke punca negatif.</li>
</ul>
<div>
b) kaki pemungut (C) atau college</div>
</div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>menerima arus eletrik daripada punca positif bateri.</li>
</ul>
<div>
c) kaki tapak (B) atau base</div>
</div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>mengawal arus elektrik daripada kaki C ke kaki E.</li>
<li>biasanya disambung pada perintang tetap</li>
</ul>
<div>
5. Terdapat dua jenis transistor, iaitu transistor jenis NPN dan transistor jenis PNP.</div>
</div>
<div>
6. Binaan transistor jenis NPN :</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiS4zZyi6DWb42az05xaObkYZiQNeJFFELMOzywiFoA7472mc3q9Zdd6BFv0x5UT_FPzERtgLd2LhYt8Ov1CEBTTybGUjsp_ia6t5m4rRR77T4mxlNXFq_v7bN-je-NuwyxEEqlxQ0_ouA/s1600/images+(5).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiS4zZyi6DWb42az05xaObkYZiQNeJFFELMOzywiFoA7472mc3q9Zdd6BFv0x5UT_FPzERtgLd2LhYt8Ov1CEBTTybGUjsp_ia6t5m4rRR77T4mxlNXFq_v7bN-je-NuwyxEEqlxQ0_ouA/s1600/images+(5).jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
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<div>
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<div>
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7. Binaan trasistor jenis PNP :<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9-74yoiR6FgOaXTyr53aU9WmdBZspZwh0ulPniqTO_ehEt7UhjiNFh5lvvkN5o0kwG75xevfDnzUxbGDaqNspNCWx8YeJbDh7kq20xP16XfDp5W7ChK_xwzoglY4U_eM35LXdphGVk_I/s1600/images+(6).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9-74yoiR6FgOaXTyr53aU9WmdBZspZwh0ulPniqTO_ehEt7UhjiNFh5lvvkN5o0kwG75xevfDnzUxbGDaqNspNCWx8YeJbDh7kq20xP16XfDp5W7ChK_xwzoglY4U_eM35LXdphGVk_I/s1600/images+(6).jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b>2.1.6 BUZER</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">1 Buzer ialah komponen yang menukarkan gelombang elektrik ke gelombang bunyi yang berfrekuensi tinggi.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">2. Buzer berkuasa rendah dan memerlukan arus elektrik yang rendah. Buzer selalu digunakan untuk </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> mengeluarkan isyarat bunyi penggera.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">3. Terdapat dua jenis buzer yang biasanya digunakan, iaitu :</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><br />
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<tbody>
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<o:p><b> Buzer Piezo</b></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<o:p><b>Buzer Elektromagnet </b></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
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<ul>
<li><span style="text-align: left;">menghasilkan nada bunyi yang nyaring.</span></li>
<li><span style="text-align: left;">berkutub positif dan negatif.</span></li>
<li><span style="text-align: left;">voltan antara 1.5v -12v untuk berfungsi.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
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<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD2xAGRCqGtyjvINwE7HXRVs2dCZ5fS_n2oi54ziE6EPNv3Dx5_bzAQUaYNOGmCkSl2lEdHm7jjt0aywD4PrKMhb_SpvoGw5uSs8yeBt83ow7_THbHQ6D5c25SqVrulE9UzZ66d9hhLuA/s1600/images+(7).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD2xAGRCqGtyjvINwE7HXRVs2dCZ5fS_n2oi54ziE6EPNv3Dx5_bzAQUaYNOGmCkSl2lEdHm7jjt0aywD4PrKMhb_SpvoGw5uSs8yeBt83ow7_THbHQ6D5c25SqVrulE9UzZ66d9hhLuA/s1600/images+(7).jpg" /></a></div>
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</td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="text-align: left;">menghasilkan nada bunyi yang rendah.</span></li>
<li><span style="text-align: left;">tidak berkutub.</span></li>
<li><span style="text-align: left;">voltan antara 6v-12v untuk berfungsi</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
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<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
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</div>bongsu whitePOLKADOThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00558606011575356342noreply@blogger.com18